Catalog / Computer Hardware Basics Cheatsheet
Computer Hardware Basics Cheatsheet
A concise guide to the fundamental components and concepts of computer hardware, ideal for quick reference and understanding.
Core Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions. Key factors include clock speed (GHz), number of cores, and cache size. |
Cores: Independent processing units within a single CPU. |
Examples:
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
Volatile memory used for storing data and instructions that the CPU is actively using. Measured in GB. More RAM improves multitasking and performance. |
DDR5, DDR4: Types of RAM. DDR5 is the newer, faster standard. |
Examples:
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Storage Devices
Solid State Drive (SSD) |
Faster, more durable storage using flash memory. Used for OS, applications, and frequently accessed files. |
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) |
Traditional mechanical storage. Slower, but cheaper for large capacities. Used for storing large files and backups. |
NVMe: SSD interface for faster data transfer. |
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Motherboard and Peripherals
Motherboard
The central circuit board that connects all components. Key factors include chipset, socket type (for CPU), RAM slots, and expansion slots. |
Chipset: Determines compatibility with CPUs and other components. |
Examples:
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Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
Handles graphics rendering. Can be integrated (on the CPU) or discrete (separate card). Important for gaming, video editing, and other graphics-intensive tasks. |
VRAM: Video RAM, dedicated memory for the GPU. |
Examples:
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Peripherals
Input Devices |
Keyboard, mouse, microphone, webcam, etc. Used for providing input to the computer. |
Output Devices |
Monitor, printer, speakers, headphones, etc. Used for receiving output from the computer. |
Connectivity |
USB, HDMI, DisplayPort, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth. Used for connecting peripherals and networking. |
Power and Cooling
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Supplies power to all components. Wattage rating must be sufficient for all components. Look for 80+ certification for efficiency. |
80+ Certification: Indicates the PSU’s energy efficiency (Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Titanium). |
Examples:
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Cooling Solutions
Keeps components from overheating. Options include air coolers, liquid coolers (AIOs), and custom liquid cooling loops. |
Air Cooler: Uses a heatsink and fan to dissipate heat. |
Examples:
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Case
Form Factor |
ATX, Micro-ATX, Mini-ITX. Determines the size and compatibility with motherboards. |
Airflow |
Good airflow is crucial for keeping components cool. Cases often have multiple fan mounts. |
Cable Management |
A well-designed case will offer features for managing cables to improve airflow and aesthetics. |
Connectivity and Expansion
Expansion Slots
PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) slots are used for adding expansion cards, such as graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, and storage controllers. |
PCIe x16: Typically used for graphics cards. |
The number and type of PCIe slots available on a motherboard can significantly impact its expandability and suitability for different workloads. |
Ports and Connectors
USB (Universal Serial Bus) |
Used for connecting peripherals such as keyboards, mice, storage devices, and other accessories. USB 3.2 and USB4 offer faster data transfer speeds. |
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) |
Used for connecting displays, such as monitors and TVs. Carries both video and audio signals. |
DisplayPort |
An alternative to HDMI, also used for connecting displays. Often preferred for high refresh rate gaming monitors. |
Ethernet (RJ45) |
Used for wired network connections. Provides a stable and reliable internet connection. |