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Pascal Programming Cheatsheet

A concise reference for Pascal programming language syntax, data types, control structures, and common functions, designed to aid both beginners and experienced programmers.

Fundamentals

Program Structure

A Pascal program generally follows this structure:

program ProgramName;

uses
  {Units}; // e.g., crt, sysutils

const
  {Constants}; // e.g., MaxValue = 100;

type
  {Type Definitions}; // e.g., String20 = string[20];

var
  {Variable Declarations}; // e.g., counter : integer;

procedure ProcedureName;
begin
  {Procedure Body}
end;

function FunctionName : ReturnType;
begin
  {Function Body}
  FunctionName := ReturnValue;
end;

begin
  {Main Program Body}
end.

Data Types

Integer Types

 
integer, shortint, longint, byte, word```

Real Types

 
real, single, double, extended```

Character Type

 
char```

Boolean Type

 
boolean```

String Type

 
string[max_length] // or simply string```

Variable Declaration

Variables must be declared before use.

var
  variableName: DataType;
  anotherVariable: DataType;

Example:

var
  age: integer;
  name: string[50];

Control Structures

Conditional Statements

If-Then-Else

if condition then
begin
  {Statements}
end
else
begin
  {Statements}
end;

Case Statement

case variable of
  value1: begin
    {Statements}
  end;
  value2: begin
    {Statements}
  end;
  else
  begin
    {Statements}
  end;
end;

Looping Structures

For Loop

for i := startValue to endValue do
begin
  {Statements}
end;

While Loop

while condition do
begin
  {Statements}
end;

Repeat-Until Loop

repeat
  {Statements}
until condition;

Procedures and Functions

Procedure Definition 

procedure ProcedureName(parameter1: DataType; parameter2: DataType);
var
  {Local Variables};
begin
  {Procedure Body}
end;

Function Definition 

function FunctionName(parameter1: DataType; parameter2: DataType): ReturnType;
var
  {Local Variables};
begin
  {Function Body}
  FunctionName := ReturnValue;
end;

Parameters

Value Parameters

The value of the actual parameter is copied to the formal parameter.

Variable (Var) Parameters

The formal parameter becomes a reference to the actual parameter. Changes to the formal parameter affect the actual parameter.

Input/Output and Standard Functions

Input/Output

Reading Input

read(variable1, variable2, ...);
readln(variable1, variable2, ...); // Reads a line

Writing Output

write(expression1, expression2, ...);
writeln(expression1, expression2, ...); // Writes a line

Standard Functions

abs(x)

Returns the absolute value of x.

sqr(x)

Returns the square of x.

sqrt(x)

Returns the square root of x.

sin(x), cos(x)

Returns the sine and cosine of x (in radians).

arctan(x)

Returns the arctangent of x.

exp(x)

Returns e raised to the power of x.

ln(x)

Returns the natural logarithm of x.

round(x)

Rounds x to the nearest integer.

trunc(x)

Truncates x to the integer part.
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